Spanning a total extent of 165,800ha, the Wilpattu Ramsar Wetland Cluster encompasses a number of diverse PAs including forest biomes, estuarine habitats, seagrass meadows and sand dunes. The extent of the PA network within this cluster is set to grow further due to the proposed Wilpattu Marine Wildlife Sanctuary being added to it as a MPA. The Gangewadiya Conservation Forest which is a perfect representation of a dry zone riverine and coastal mangrove ecosystem, stands at 240ha. Coming under the jurisdiction of the Forest Department, it is accessible via boat along the Kala Oya. The Kala Oya, which is Sri Lanka’s third longest river, embodies an ecosystem that is rich in biodiversity, providing environmental and social benefits along its way to the Puttalam lagoon, where it ends its journey.
Riverine
Thriving in an area as narrow as a few metres to over 10m, this ecosystem is found along the Kala Oya and the Modaragam Aru. Acting as a frontline defence against stream bank erosion from natural and/or human-induced factors, the flora within this ecosystem is specially adapted to endure the trials that the monsoon season offers. Its natural features provide convenient nesting sites for birds, bats, reptiles and amphibians, amidst a host of other ecosystem services ranging from water purification to provision of food.
Mangroves
This resilient and highly productive ecosystem is located primarily towards the southern boundary of the national park. Offering a multitude of ecosystem services such as acting as a nursery for aquatic species, sequestering carbon, and mitigating the effects of storm surges and floods, WNP’s mangroves are globally recognized. Local artisanal fishermen utilise the mangroves to harvest a variety of different aquatic species, thereby obtaining vital livelihood support.
Seagrass Meadows
Often referred to as ‘underwater grasslands’ within estuarine habitats and shallow coastal waters, seagrasses share the same basic structure as terrestrial plants, including having tiny flowers and strap-like or oval-like leaves. Serving as highly efficient carbon sinks as well as nurseries for fish and prawns, their ecological service to both humans and wildlife alike, is paramount. 8 species, belonging to 6 genera of seagrasses have been identified within the Puttalam lagoon and have historically been a main source of food for dugongs that frequented the lagoon.
Islands
Dotted with a chain of 14 islands, amongst which Uchimunai at 450ha and Battalangunduwa at 145ha are the largest, with Vellai 1 at 1.5ha being the smallest. This peninsula offers valuable nesting grounds for migratory and native flocks of pelagic birds. While a majority of the islands are inhabited seasonally by fishing communities, a few of them are home to resident populations. The beautiful Uchimunai Roman Catholic church is not used regularly but a mass honouring the church saints is held annually at the church.
Guidelines for Safely Enjoying Natural Habitats
Use reusable bottles and bags to cut plastic waste. Opt for glass bottles or cans instead of plastic when buying sodas. Say no to plastic straws and bags, and bring a reusable bag when shopping.
Avoid bush-meat like wild boar and venison to prevent harm to wildlife. The methods used for capture are illegal and destructive, often harming unintended animals like leopards and fishing cats in snares.
Respect the animals and their habitat. Allowing our natural environment to remain the way it is with minimal disturbance will only make for better sightings and experiences in the wild.
Follow these guidelines and spread the word to friends and family. Engage with your local community and speak out about environmental issues. Your actions can drive real change—don't hesitate to speak up!
